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Thursday, September 07, 2006
study notes-- chem, bio, maths / 10:26 PM
CHEM 1.elements, mixtures, compounds 2. particulate nature of matter 1. PURE SUBSTANCES elements: simplest pure substances. smallest ptls known as ATOMS, cannot be separated - categorised periodic table (metals-> metalloids-> nonmetals), 114 known elements, 92 naturally occurring compounds: 2 or more elements combined tgt in definite chem proportions, smallest ptls known as MOLECULES- laws: mass conservation, .... (can't rmb :() - properties of separate constituents of compounds different from properties of compound itself, eg NaCl. Na - ___ metal (sorry cant rmb), Cl (greenish yellow poisonous gas), BUT NaCl is harmless and used daily as table salt IMPURE SUBSTANCES mixtures: homogenous///heterogenous - not pure - no def. composition - homogenous (special kind: 1 subst dissolved in soln)uniform thruout - heterogenous- not uniform CAN BE SEPARATED BY PHYSICAL MTHDS (separation techniques)someone do sep. techniques? 2. 3 states of matter: solids, liquids, gases SOLIDS little energy vibrate abt fixed positions in ordered structure high density rigid solid- liquid : melting (endothermic) solid- gas: sublimation (endothermic) LIQUIDS moderate energy move slowly by sliding over each other viscous: sticky moderate density fluid liquid- solid: freezing (exothermic) liquid- gas: boiling/evaporation (endothermic) GASES alot of energy move around freely, random motion. at high speed low density fluid gas- liquid: condensation (exothermic) gas- solid: sublimation (exothermic) brownian motion: random motion of any ptls in a given enclosed situation, factors: atomic mass Mr of the ptls. less mass = faster diffusion --------------------- k brain overload of chem. can't rmb already! now.... onto bio. uhhhh okay let's see ENZYMES? ENZYMES/// - biological catalysts which alter rate of chem rxns w/o itself being chemically changed at the end of the rxn- mostly in the forms of proteins - types of enz.--- hydrolases, carbolases (not sure abt this one) lock-and-key hypothesis: enzyme/substrate theory more enzyme more rxn (till saturation pt) more substrate less rxn (i think, not sure) where enzymes are found: everywhere? amylase, hydrolase maltase sucrase etc etc (normally end in ~ase) characteristics: highly specific, proteins, shitdiesssss cannot remember already [someone pls add on], may require coenzyme action inhibitors--- competitive (similar shape as enz), non-competitive(change shape of active site of substrate) denaturation-> high temp/// active site changes shape, enzyme no longer able to perform fxn [irreversible] inactivation -> extreme changes in pH, low temp [enzyme will be able to fxn once at optimal temp again] enzymes work best at optimal temp and pH (normally body temp??? i think, not sure D:) --------------------- i feel like dying now. o.O MATHS TIME MATHS 1. trig basic trig ratios: sin cos tan other ratios: cot [cot=1/tan] sec [sec=1/cos] cosec [cosec=1/sin] ................. i want to die i want to cry screams for help formulas:sin^2 x + cos^2 x = 1 I CANNOT RMB ANYTHING ELSE ...... : (oh sin/cos = tan; similarly cot= cos/sin when solving, try to revert to basic trig ratio -------------- ok enough for today:(
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